Friday, July 10, 2020

Coronavirus | How does the immune system respond to a coronavirus attack?


The story so far: COVID-19, which has affected over 1.5 million globally and killed more than 100,000 people, is not different from how influenza viruses, or even the coronaviruses responsible for the common cold, attack the body. Therefore, the immune system has a predictable response. It is the degree to which this response is tolerated by the body that determines mortality rates.

How does the immune system respond to a coronavirus attack?

A cascade of viral particles enters the body through the nose, eyes, or mouth. Breathing carries some of these particles to the lower respiratory tract where the spike proteins of the coronavirus, acting as a key, lock into epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract as well as those in the air sacs in the lungs. SARS-CoV-2 is able to stay undetected longer than many flu or coronaviruses and its spike proteins are able to gain entry by unlocking the ACE2 protein on the lung cells. Once in, they hijack the cell’s machinery, replicate and multiply and infect adjoining cells. Like the defining ACE2 proteins on the epithelial cells, viruses too have a tell-tale signature on their surface called antigens, and spotting these is what kicks the immune system into action by producing antibodies.

What about children?

The response of the immune system is in many ways a mystery. For instance, so far, there have been few deaths reported in children from COVID-19. Given that children’s immunity systems are still maturing and learning to adapt to a galaxy of infectious agents, why they seem to be relatively better protected from severe COVID-19 disease is not known.

Will a vaccine help?

There are several vaccine candidates but it will be months before we know if any of them will be viable. The bulk is aimed at developing a molecular construct, in some cases a weakened version of the coronavirus, that mimics the antigens of the virus and triggers an appropriate antibody response. There are complications — such as an antibody-dependent enhancement — in which insufficient levels of antibodies can actually end up aggravating an infection as in the case of dengue. However, in the case of COVID-19, that’s a problem for another day.

Can the immune system be boosted?

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Overview
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